A emergência do sensível: Aspectos científicos, metafísicos e éticos do sofrimento animal em Darwin, Huxley e Wallace

André Luis de Lima Carvalho

doi:10.53727/rbhc.v17i2.938

Autores

André Luis de Lima Carvalho Universidade Federal da Bahia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7656-4019

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53727/rbhc.v17i2.938

Palavras-chave:

Charles Darwin (1809-1882), Thomas Huxley (1825-1895), Alfred Wallace (1823-1913), Vivissecção, Sofrimento animal

Resumo

Analisam-se as ideias de Charles Darwin, Thomas Huxley e Alfred Wallace sobre origens e relações entre prazer, dor e mente, e suas implicações metafísicas, relativas à plausibilidade da benevolência divina, e éticas, relativas à vivissecção. Constata-se que Darwin e Huxley se atinham a um modelo explicativo naturalístico darwinista, e Wallace uniu evolução e espiritualidade, em uma tese teológica que preservava a intervenção divina. A complexidade das visões, afiliações e agendas é exemplificada nas posições sobre a vivissecção. Darwin e Huxley, que viam nos animais “superiores” seres sensíveis, defenderam a vivissecção, e Wallace, que negava a sensibilidade animal, criticava a prática.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

ABLOW, R. Victorian pain. Princeton: Indiana University Press, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174464.001.0001

BENDING, L. The representation of bodily pain in late ninettenth-century English culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187172.001.0001

BOWLER, P.J. Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989

BROWNE, J. Charles Darwin: the power of place. London: Random House, 2003.

BURDON-SANDERSON, J.S. (ed.). Handbook for the physiological laboratory. London: J. and A. Churchill, 1873. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.24819

CARVALHO, A.L.L. O animal darwiniano: o status das emoções na teoria da mente em Charles Darwin. Dissertação (Mestrado em História das Ciências da Saúde) – Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, 2005. Disponível em: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/3994. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023.

CARVALHO, A.L.L. Além dos confins do homem: Frances Power Cobbe contra o darwinismo na controvérsia sobre a vivissecção no Reino Unido (1863-1904). Tese (Doutorado em História das Ciências e da Saúde) – Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Rio de Janeiro, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/15966. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023.

CARVALHO, A.L.L.; WAIZBORT, R. O cão aos olhos (da mente) de Darwin: a mente animal na Inglaterra vitoriana e no discurso darwiniano. Revista Brasileira de História da Ciência, Rio de Janeiro, v. 1, n. 1, p. 36-56, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53727/rbhc.v1i1.386

COBBE, F.P. Life of Frances Power Cobbe, as told by herself. v. 2. Boston: Houghton, 1894.

DARWIN, C.R. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. Londres: John Murray, 1859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68064

DARWIN, C.R. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Londres: John Murray, 1871. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2092

DARWIN, C.R. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Londres: John Murray, 1872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10001-000

DARWIN, C.R. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. 2nd. ed. Londres: John Murray, 1874. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16749

DARWIN, F. (ed). The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. v. 3. Londres: John Murray, 1887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1416

DARWIN, F. Charles Darwin: his life told in an autobiographical chapter, and in a selected series of his published letters. Londres: John Murray, 1890.

DARWIN, C.R. The autobiography of Charles Darwin (1809-1882): with the original omissions restored: edited and with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow. Londres: Collins, [1876] 1958. Disponível em: http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&pageseq=1&viewtype=text. Acesso em: 20 jul. 2023.

DARWIN CORRESPONDENCE PROJECT. Darwin Correspondence Project (website). University of Cambridge. Disponível em: http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk. Acesso em: 20 jul. 2023.

DENNET, D. Tipos de mentes. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 1997.

DESMOND, A.; MOORE, J. Darwin: a vida de um evolucionista atormentado. São Paulo: Geração Editorial, 2000.

ELLEGARD, A. Darwin and the general reader: the reception of Darwin’s theory of evolution in the British periodical press (1859-1872). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990.

FELLER, D.A. Dog fight: Darwin as animal advocate in the antivivisection controversy of 1875. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, v. 40, n. 4, p. 265-271, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2009.09.004

FRENCH, R. Antivivisection and medical science in Victorian society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.

GAY, P. O coração desvelado: a experiência burguesa, da rainha Vitória a Freud. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1999.

GUERRINI, A. Experimenting with humans and animals. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801871962

HUME, D. Dialogues concerning natural religion (1779). [S.l.]: Project Gutenberg, 2009. Disponível em: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4583/4583-h/4583-h.htm. Acesso em: 20 jul. 2023.

HUXLEY, L. (ed.). The life and letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. v. 2. [S.l.]: Project Gutenberg, 2004.

HUXLEY, T.H. Evidence as to man’s place in nature. New York: D. Appleton, 1863. Disponível em: http://www.archive.org/details/evidenceastomans00huxl. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45796

HUXLEY, T.H. The struggle for existence in human society. In: HUXLEY, T.H. Evolution & ethics and other essays (1888): collected essays. v. 9. 1888. Disponível em: http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/Str.html. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023.

HUXLEY, T.H. Evolution and ethics. In: HUXLEY, T.H. Evolution & ethics and other essays (1893): collected essays. v. 9. 1893a. Disponível em: http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/E-E.html. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.30529

HUXLEY, T.H. Collected essays: science and Christian tradition. v. 5. New York: D. Appleton, [1893b] 1902. Disponível em: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15905/15905-h/15905-h.htm. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023.

HUXLEY, T.H. On the hypothesis that animals are automata, and its history. In: BLINDERMAN, C.; JOYCE, D. (eds.). The Huxley files. Massachusetts: Clark University, [1874] 1998. Disponível em: http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE1/AnAuto.html. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2023.

HUXLEY, T.H. Critiques and adresses (1873). [S.l.]: Project Gutenberg, 2004. Disponível em: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12506. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023

LITCHFIELD, H.E. (ed.). Emma Darwin: a century of family letters (1792-1896). London: John Murray, 1915. v. 2. Disponível em: http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1553.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=1. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023.

MAYR, E. O desenvolvimento do pensamento biológico: diversidade, evolução e herança. Brasília: Editora da Universidade de Brasília, 1998.

MITCHELL, S. Frances Power Cobbe: Victorian feminist, journalist, reformer. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004.

PAIXÃO, R.L. Experimentação animal: razões e emoções para uma ética. Tese (Doutorado em Saúde Pública) – Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 2001. Disponível em: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/4424. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023.

PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS. Report of the Royal Commission on the practice of subjecting live animals to experiments for scientific purposes: with minutes of evidence and appendix. London: House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, [1876a] 2005a.

PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS. Cruelty prevention: a bill intituled an act to amend the law relating to cruelty to animals. London: House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, [1876b] 2005b.

RICHARDS, R.J. Darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1310810

RICHARDS, S. Anaesthetics, ethics and aesthetics: vivisection in the late nineteenth-century British laboratory. In: CUNNINGHAM, A.; WILLIAMS, P. The laboratory revolution in medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

ROMANES, E. The life and letters of George John Romanes. Londres: Longmans, Green, 1896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.56899

ROMANES, G.J. Animal intelligence. London: Kegan Paul Trench, 1881.

ROMANO, T.M. Making medicine scientific: John Burdon Sanderson and the culture of Victorian science. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

RYDER, R.D. Animal revolution: changing attitudes toward speciesism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.

SNOW, S.J. Operations without pain: the practice and science of anaesthesia in Victorian Britain. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230209497

TYNDALL, J. Presidential address to the Birmingham and Midland Institute, 1877. In: TYNDALL, J. Science and man, fragments of science for unscientific people: a series of detached essays, addresses, and reviews, 1879. v. 2, p. 370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.18245

VANDEVEER, D. Whither baby doe? In: REGAN, Tom (ed.). Matters of life and death: new introductory essays in moral philosophy. New York: Random House, 1986.

WALLACE, A.R. The origin of human races and the antiquity of man deduced from the theory of “natural selection”. Journal of the Anthropological Society of London, v. 2, p. clviii-clxxxvii, 1864. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3025211.pdf. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3025211

WALLACE, A.R. The limits of natural selection as applied to man. In: WALLACE, A.R., Contributions to the theory of natural selection. London: Macmillan, 1870. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1254

WALLACE, A.R. Dr. Wallace and vivisection. The Daily News, Londres, p. 9, 20 set. 1905. Disponível em: http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S622A.htm. Acesso em 3 set. 2023.

WALLACE, A.R. Is nature cruel? The purpose and limitations of pain. In: WALLACE, A.R. The world of life: a manifestation of creative power, directive mind and ultimate purpose. London: Chapman & Hall, 1910. Disponível em: https://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S732CH19.htm. Acesso em: 19 ago. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63150

WHITE, P.S. The face of physiology. Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century, v. 7, p. 1-22, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16995/ntn.487